गुरुवार, ६ सप्टेंबर, २०१२

भविष्यवेधी उड्डाण


    XmoZ dfmªnyduM B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ ñnog gm`Ýg A±S> Q>oŠZm°bm°OrMo (Am`Am`EgQ>r) {dÚmWu ñdV: gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q> V`ma H$aÊ`mMm àH$ën H$arV Agë`mMo H$mZmda Ambo hmoVo. VoìhmnmgyZM `m am°Ho$Q>{df`r _ZmV Iyn CËgwH$Vm hmoVr. `mbm H$maUhr VgoM Amho. A_o{aH$m, `wamon Am{U a{e`m_Ü`o am°Ho$Q>{Z{_©VrMr EH$ _moR>r g§ñH¥$Vr {dH${gV Pmbr Amho. {VH$S>o hm¡er nmVirdahr N>moQ>r am°Ho$Q> V`ma H$aÊ`mV `oVmV. _mÌ, ^maVmV gwajoÀ`m H$maUmñVd gaH$mar g§ñWm§_YyZM (^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWoVyZM- Bòmo) am°Ho$Q> V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. 1963 _Ü`o ^maVmVyZ n{hbo gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mo CÈ>mU Pmbo hmoVo. ZmgmZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ZmB©Ho$ AmnmMr `m am°Ho$Q>_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aU (nobmoS>) \«$mÝgMo hmoVo. ^maVr` V§Ìkm§Zr ^maVr` O{_Zrdê$Z Ë`mMo CÈ>mU Ho$bo, hmM H$m` Vmo Ë`mVrb ^maVmMm gh^mJ. _mÌ, nwT>rb MmaM dfmªV ^maVr` g§emoYH$m§Zr amo{hUr 75 `m n{hë`m ñdXoer ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mo `eñdr àjonU H$ê$Z ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_mMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr. Ë`mZ§Va AmOn`ªV XmoZ hOmam§hÿZ A{YH$ gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mo àjonU {Vê$AZ§Vnwa_Odirb Ww§~mÀ`m am°Ho$Q> bm±qMJ ñQ>oeZdê$Z Pmbo Amho. hr gd© am°Ho$Q> BòmoÀ`m à{e{jV V§Ìkm§_m\©$V V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
डॉ. कलाम ७० च्या दशकात साउन्डींग रॉकेट ची जोडणी करताना
_mÌ, d`mÀ`m {derV AgUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr ~Zdboë`m gmD§$qS>J am°Ho$Q>Mo CÈ>mU 1960À`m XeH$mZ§Va àW_M hmoUma hmoVo. BòmoÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo gwê$ Pmboë`m Am`Am`EgQ>rÀ`m n{hë`m ~°MÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q> ~Z{dÊ`mMm àH$ën XmoZ dfmªnydu hmVmV KoVbm hmoVm. gwê$dmVrbm n{hë`m ~°MÀ`m ghm {dÚmÏ`mªMm `mV g_mdoe hmoVm. Z§Va Ë`mV Xþgè`m Am{U {Vgè`m ~°MMo {dÚmWuhr gh^mJr Pmbo Am{U EHy$U 26 {dÚmÏ`mªZr {dH«$_ gmam^mB© AdH$me H|$ÐmÀ`m emókm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr am°Ho$Q>À`m {Z{_©Vrbm gwê$dmV Ho$br. V§ÌkmZ joÌmV am°Ho$Q> {Z{_©Vr hr gdm©V AmìhmZmË_H$ _mZbr OmVo. am°Ho$Q>À`m AmamIS>çmnmgyZ Ë`mVrb B§YZmMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U Ë`mda ~gdÊ`mV `oUmè`m emór` CnH$aUm§Mo H$m`© `m gd© Jmoï>r g_m§VanUo {dH${gV H$amì`m bmJVmV. VgoM, AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm H$mJXmda Ho$bobr gd© J{UVo àË`jmV OerÀ`m Ver CVabr, VaM am°Ho$Q>Mo àjonU `eñdr hmoVo. Am`Am`EgQ>rÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr ho AmìhmZ pñdH$mabo Am[U BòmoÀ`m amo{hUr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mr à{VH¥$Vr V`ma H$aÊ`mEodOr ñdV:Mo Zdo am°Ho$Q> V`ma H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.
XoemV Agm à`moJ n{hë`m§XmM hmoV Agë`mZo H$moUVmhr AZw^d nmR>rer ZìhVm. am°Ho$Q>Mo {S>PmB©Z Zì`mZo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mÀ`m B§YZmVhr H$mhrgm ~Xb H$ê$Z Zdo V§Ì dmnaÊ`mMo R>a{dbo Jobo. Ë`mda nobmoS>hr Zì`m àH$maMm ~gdÊ`mMo {Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Iè`m AWm©Zo XoemVrb Zì`m am°Ho$Q>Mr {Z{_©Vr `mVyZ hmoUma hmoVr. 26 OUm§_Ü`o _J {d{dY JQ> V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. EH$m JQ>mZo {\${OŠg_Yrb VÎdo Aä`mgyZ am°Ho$Q>Mm AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMo dOZ- C§Mr H$m` Agmdr , {H$Vr C§Mrn`ªV Vo CS>mdo, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mbm dmVmdaUmMm {damoY {H$Vr hmoD$ eH$Vmo AmXr Jmoï>r Ü`mZmV KoD$Z Ë`mMm AmH$ma {Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Xþgè`m EH$m JQ>mZo am°Ho$Q>_Yrb gdm©V _hÎdmMm ^mJ AgUmè`m B§YZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr. amo{hUr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>_Yrb KZ B§YZ V`ma AgVmZmhr Ë`mVrb {_lUmV H$mhrgo ~Xb H$ê$Z Zdm à`moJ H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr R>a{dbo Am{U am°Ho$Q>gmR>r bmJUmar _moQ>a (B§YZmMo KZ R>moH$io) ìhrEgEggrÀ`m emókm§À`m XoIaoIrImbr V`ma Ho$br. {Vgè`m JQ>mZo am°Ho$Q>da ~g{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m nobmoS>Mr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr. Ë`mgmR>r Q´>m` A°pŠgg A°pŠgbamo_rQ>a ho Zdo d¡km{ZH$ CnH$aU V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo, Oo am°Ho$Q>À`m CÈ>mUmnmgyZ Vo g_wÐmV nS>on`ªV Ë`mÀ`m ËdaUmMr {Ì{_Vr` ñdê$nmV _m{hVr J«mD§$S> ñQ>oeZH$S>o nmR>dob. hm à`moJ àW_M hmoV Agë`mZo VgoM EH$ CnH$aU ìhrEgEggrÀ`m emókm§Zrhr ñdV: V`ma Ho$bo Oo VwbZogmR>r `m am°Ho$Q>da ~g{dÊ`mV `oUma hmoVo. AmUIr EH$m JQ>mZo `m gd© JQ>m§À`m gwgyÌrH$aUmMr Am{U ì`dñWmnZmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr.
am°Ho$Q> V`ma Pmbo, nobmoS>hr V`ma Pmbm. am°Ho$Q>Mo Zm_H$aU H$m` H$amdo `mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªMr ~arM MMm© Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ EH$m Zmdmda gdmªMo EH$_V Pmbo Vo åhUOo ì`mo_. ì`mo_ åhUOo AmH$me, Á`mbm H$moUVrhr gr_m Zmhr. IaoVa \o$~«wdmar 2012 _Ü`oM `m am°Ho$Q>Mo àjonU ìhm`Mo hmoVo. _mÌ, H$mhr àemgH$s` H$m_m§_wio Ë`mbm {db§~ Pmbm. eodQ>r 11 _o amoOr åhUOoM amï´>r` V§ÌkmZ {XZmbm gm`§H$mir ghm dmOyZ 30 {_{ZQ>m§Zr XoemVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZr V`ma Ho$boë`m n{hë`m am°Ho$Q>À`m àjonUmMr doi {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
hm Aem àH$maMm n{hbmM à`moJ Agë`m_wio `mMr _m{hVr _mÜ`_m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambr ZìhVr. \$º$ Am`Am`EgQ>rMo {dÚmWu, àmÜ`mnH$, ìhrEgEggrMo emók Am{U H$mhr {Z_§{ÌVm§ZmM `m àjonUmbm CnpñWV amhÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr. 11 VmaIobm gm`§H$mir nmMÀ`m Xaå`mZ gdmªZm Ww§~m B{¹$Q>mo[a`b am°Ho$Q> bm±qMJ ñQ>oeZÀ`m (Q>b©g) AmdmamV àdoe XoÊ`mV Ambm. Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mda AgUmè`m MoH$s¨J nmoñQ> nma H$ê$Z Q>b©gMr ~g Aa~r g_wÐmÀ`m {H$Zmar AgUmè`m à_moMZ _§M (bm±qMJ n°S>) Ago {b{hboë`m \$bH$mnmer `oD$Z nmoMbr. {VWo g_moaM g_wÐmÀ`m ~mOybm EH$m ñQ>±S>da bmb a§JmMo ì`mo_ AmS>ì`m pñWVrV R>odbobo hmoVo. Ë`mda nm§T>è`m a§JmV Bgamo- ^maV Aer Ajao N>mnbobr hmoVr. àjonUmgmR>r AmUIr Vmg^amMm H$mbmdYr am{hbobm AgVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªMr àjonUmgmR>r eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mMr V`mar gwê$ hmoVr. àjonU nmhm`bm Amboë`m {Z_§{ÌVm§Zm Q>r_Mo gd© {dÚmWu ì`mo_ `m ñdV: ~Zdboë`m am°Ho$Q>Mr Vm§{ÌH$ _m{hVr XoV hmoVo. \$moQ>mogoeZ Pmë`mda nmM dmOyZ 45 {_{ZQ>m§Zr bm±Mn°S>dê$Z gdmªZm H§$Q´>mobê$_H$S>o hb{dÊ`mV Ambo.
àjonUmbm 30 {_{ZQ>o am{hbr AgVmZm am°Ho$Q> 75 A§em§À`m H$moZmV Aa~r g_wÐmÀ`m {XeoZo Vm|S> H$ê$Z C^o H$aÊ`mV Ambo. _mÌ, Ë`mMdoir {dOm§À`m H$S>H$S>mQ>mgh nmdgmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. H§$Q´>mob ê$__Ü`o bmdboë`m ñH«$sZda nmdgmV {^OV Agbobo ì`mo_ {d{dY A±Jb_YyZ nmhVm `oV hmoVo. BVa XmoZ ñH«$sZda am°Ho$Q>Mm {Z`mo{OV _mJ© AmboImÀ`m ñdê$nmV XmI{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. am°Ho$Q>Mo CÈ>mU Pmë`mda Q>o{b_oQ´>rÛmao {_iUmè`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Ë`mM AmboImda Zdm _mJ© C_Q>V OmVmo Am{U Ë`mdê$Z am°Ho$Q>Mo àjonU {H$VnV `eñdr Pmbo ho g_OVo. H$mD§$Q>S>mD$Z nwT>o gaH$V hmoVo, Vgm nmdgmMm Omoahr dmT>bm. àjonUmbm 10 {_{ZQ>m§Mm H$mbmdYr am{hbm AgVmZm EH$mEH$s H$mD§$Q>S>mD$Z Wm§~{dÊ`mV Ambo. Q>r_À`m gd© gXñ`m§À`m Mohè`mda EH$mEH$s Z¡amí` Ambo. Iam~ hdm_mZm_wio EH$m {d_mZmbm OdiM AgUmmè`m {d_mZVimda CVaÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZmH$maÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Vo {d_mZ àjonUmÀ`m _mJm©VyZM {KaQ>çm KmbV hmoVo. Vo {d_mZ CVaon`ªV ì`mo_Mo àjonU eŠ` ZìhVo.
àjonUmMr gmS>oghmMr doi CbQy>Z Jobr. gw_mao 45 {_{ZQ>m§Zr nwÝhm Cd©arV Xhm {_{ZQ>m§Mo H$mD§$Q> S>mD$Z gwê$ Pmbo, Voìhm nmD$ghr Wm§~bm hmoVm. AmOMo àjonU nmhÊ`mgmR>r ìhrEgEggrMo g§MmbH$ S>m°. draamKdZhr CnpñWV hmoVo. àjonUmbm nmM {_{ZQ>m§Mm H$mbmdYr am{hbm AgVmZm gdmªZr H§$Q´>mobê$_À`m Jƒrda Ymd KoVbr. gdmªÀ`m ZOam gw_mao nmMeo _rQ>a Xya AgUmè`m bm±Mn°S>H$S>o amoIë`m Joë`m. pñnH$ada EoHy$ `oUmè`m H$mD§$Q>S>mD$Z_Ü`o _J {dÚmÏ`mªZrhr Amnbm AmdmO {_gibm. \$mB©ìh.. \$moa.. W«r.. Qy>.. dZ ßbg dZ ßbg Qy>.. A§Ymao bm±qMJ n°S> EH$mEH$s àH$mebo Am{U Amg_§V hmXadUmam AmdmO H$arV ZmatJr a§JmÀ`m Á`moVrgh ì`mo_ H$mhr goH§$XmV T>Jm§À`m n{bH$S>o Jobo. {dÚmÏ`mªZr Q>mù`m- {eQ>çm§gh Amnë`m `emMm AmZ§X gmOam Ho$bm. EH$_oH$m§Zm AmqbJZ XoVmZm AZoH$m§Mo S>moio nmUmdbo.
H§$Q´>mobê$__Yrb ñH«$sZda {Z`mo{OV _mJm©da ì`mo_Mm Iam _mJ© C_Qy> bmJbm. Anojonojm ì`mo_ A{YH$ C§Mmda Joë`mMo bjmV Ambo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m g_wÐmV nS>Ê`mMo {R>H$mU WmoS>o AmUIr Xÿa Am{U EHy$U âbmB©Q>Mm H$mbmdYr H$mhr goH§$Xm§Zr dmT>bm. _mÌ, gd© `§ÌUm§Zr Amnbo H$m_ MmoI nma nmS>bo. ì`mo_ g_wÐmV H$mogië`mda H§$Q´>mob ê$__Yrb àmoJ«°_aZr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo H$s, Ë`m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m nobmoS>Mr _m{hVr Am{U BòmoÀ`m emókm§À`m nobmoS>Mr _m{hVr AJXr V§VmoV§V OwiV Amho. H$moUVmhr AZw^d nmR>rer ZgVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZr gmÜ` Ho$bobo ho bj IamoIa H$m¡VwH$mñnX Agë`mMo S>m°. draamKdZ `m§Zr `mdoir gm§{JVbo.

JJZ AJ«dmb `m eodQ>À`m dfm©V {eH$V Agboë`m {dÚmÏ`m©Zo `m àH$ënmMo ZoV¥Îd Ho$bo hmoVo. VgoM àIa AJ«dmb `m n{hë`m ~°MÀ`m {dÚmÏ`m©Zo am°Ho$Q>À`m AmaIS>çmMo H$m_ nm{hbo hmoVo. {ZVrZ {_lm hm {dÚmWu gÜ`m Bòmo g°Q>obmB©Q> g|Q>a_Ü`o H$m_ H$arV Amho, Ë`mZo `m am°Ho$Q>À`m àmonëOZMr O~m~Xmar nm{hbr hmoVr. nwÊ`mÀ`m gw{_V Vm§~o `m {dÚmÏ`m©Zo am°Ho$Q>À`m AmamIS>çmV VgoM ì`dñWmnZmV gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm, Va A{^foH$ nmQ>rb Am{U Am{XË` Mm\$iH$a `m§Zr nobmoS>À`m {Z{_©VrV gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. ì`mo_À`m n{hë`mM à`ËZmV Amboë`m `em_wio AmnUhr am°Ho$Q> V`ma H$ê$Z àjo{nV H$ê$ eH$Vmo Agm {dídmg Amë`mMr à{V{H«$`m `m gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZr {Xbr. `m àH$ënm_wio am°Ho$Q> bm±qMJÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI {dÚmÏ`mªZm Pmbr Agë`mMo Am`Am`EgQ>rMo g§MmbH$ S>m°. Eg. Ho$. XmgJwám `m§Zr gm§{JVbo. VgoM AmVm Xadfu Am`Am`EgQ>rMo {dÚmWu EH$ am°Ho$Q> bm±M H$aVrb Agohr Ë`m§Zr Omhra Ho$bo.

^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_mMm Zdm AÜ`m`:
ì`mo_ ho AmH$mamZo 2.31 _rQ>a C§MrMo Agbo Am{U Ë`mZo dmVmdaUmV \$º$ 16 {H$bmo_rQ>aMmM Q>ßnm JmR>bm Agbm, Var `m CÈ>mUmMo XoemÀ`m AdH$me H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎd _moR>o Amho. BòmoÀ`m g§ñWm§VJ©V AgUmao am°Ho$Q> V§ÌkmZ `m CÈ>mUm_wio {dÚmÏ`mªn`ªV Am{U Zì`m {nT>rn`ªV nmoMbo Amho. XoemÀ`m {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªZr V`ma Ho$bobo AZoH$ CnJ«h AdH$memV nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. _mÌ, {dÚmÏ`mªZr V`ma Ho$boë`m am°Ho$Q>À`m àjonUmMo _hÎd Ë`mnojm {H$Ë`oH$ nQ>tZo A{YH$ Amho. Xoembm emókm§Mr H$_VaVm ^mgV AgVmZm {derVë`m Vê$Um§Zr Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb _moOŠ`m AZw^dm§À`m Omoamda _mabobr hr _Ob BòmoÀ`m ^{dî`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _moR>r AídmgH$ Amho. VgoM `m am°Ho$Q>À`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`ohr {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$m°nr Z H$aVm ñdV§ÌnUo {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMm {ZdS>bobm _mJ©hr H$m¡VwH$mñnX åhUm`bm hdm.
1967 gmbr `mM Ww§~mÀ`m ZmaimÀ`m PmS>m§Imbr ~gyZ S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ Am{U Ë`m§À`m Vê$U ghH$mè`m§Zr amo{hUr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mr OmoS>Ur Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mM amo{hUr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>À`m AZw^dm§VyZ XoemMo _hmH$m` nrEgEbìhr Am{U OrEgEbìhr ho CnJ«h àjonH$ gmH$mabo Jobo Am{U XoemMm AdH$me H$m`©H«$_ {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mM AmdmamV 45 dfmªZ§Va Am`Am`EgQ>rÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr N>moQ>çmem ì`mo_Mo `eñdr àjonU H$ê$Z Zì`m AÜ`m`mbm àma§^ Ho$bm Amho.     

Am`Am`EgQ>r: AdH$meemók KS>{dUmao {dÚmnrR>
nmM dfmªnydu ^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo (Bòmo) Amnë`mbm ^oS>gmdUmar emók Am{U A{^`§Ë`m§Mr H$_VaVm ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {Vê$AZ§Vnya_Odi B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ ñnog gm`Ýg A±S> Q>oŠZm°bm°Or `m A{^_V {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {eHy$Z V`ma Pmboë`m àË`oH$mg WoQ> BòmoÀ`m {d{dY g§ñWm§_Ü`o gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ñdV: _mOr amï´>nVr S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ `m§Zr `m {dÚmnrR>mMo Hw$bnVrnX pñdH$mabo. Á`m§Zr ñdV: ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_mMm nm`m aMbm Ë`m§ZrM `m g§ñWoMo ^{dî` C‚db amhmdo `mgmR>r Am`Am`EgQ>rÀ`m ê$nmZo Zdm à`moJ gwê$ Ho$bm. n{hë`m dfunmgyZM Am`Am`EgQ>rbm Xoe^amVyZ _moR>m à{VgmX {_iy bmJbm. Joë`m VrZ- Mma XeH$m§V Bòmo_Ü`o X{jU ^maVr`m§MoM à_mU gdm©{YH$ hmoVo. _mÌ, Am`Am`EgQ>r_wio XoemÀ`m gd© ^mJm§VyZ {dÚmÏ`mªMm BòmoH$S>o AmoK gwê$ Pmbm. Ë`mbm _hmamï´>hr AndmX Zmhr. Xadfu _hmamï´>mVyZhr Mm§Jë`m g§»`oZo {dÚmWu `m g§ñWoV XmIb hmoV AmhoV. gÜ`m nXdr nmVirda (~mamdrZ§Va) `m g§ñWoV ~rQ>oH$ EpìhAmo{ZŠg, ~rQ>oH$ EAamoñnog Am{U ~rQ>oH$ {\${OH$b gm`Ýgog ho H$mog© KoÊ`mV `oVmV. Ë`mnwT>ohr nXì`wÎma {ejU Am{U nrEMS>r H$aÊ`mMr gw{dYm Am`Am`EgQ>r_Ü`o Amho.

H$m` Amho gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>?


gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q> ho dmVmdaUmÀ`m R>am{dH$ C§Mrn`ªV CSy> eH$Umao Am{U dmVmdaUmMm Aä`mg H$aUmar emór` CnH$aUo dmhÿZ ZoUmao N>moQ>o am°Ho$Q> AgVo. {dfwdd¥Îmr` Mw§~H$s` PmoV, AdH$memVyZ `oUmao CËgO©Z, AmoPmoZMm Wa, EŠg ao, VgoM hdm_mZmMr ~XbVr pñWVr Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r `m am°Ho$Q>Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. ^maVmV ñdXoer am°Ho$Q> {Z{_©VrMr na§nam amo{hUr gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>À`m {Z{_©VrZo Pmbr hmoVr. hr am°Ho$Q> 50 Vo 200 {H$bmo_rQ>a C§Mrn`ªV gw_mao 100 {H$bmo dOZmMr emór` CnH$aUo ZoD$ eH$VmV. _mÌ, CnJ«hmbm n¥Ïdr^modVr {\$aVo H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>_Ü`o ZgVo.


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Ww§~m B{¹$Q>mo[a`b am°Ho$Q> bm±{M§J ñQ>oeZMr {Z{_©Vr `wZm`Q>oS> ZoeÝgÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ^maVmZo 1960 À`m XeH$mV Ho$br. {Vê$AZ§Vnwa_À`m CÎmaobm g_wÐ {H$Zmar AgUmè`m Ww§~m `m Jmdmdê$Z n¥ÏdrMo Mw§~H$s` {dfwdd¥Îm OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m {R>H$mUmbm AdH$meemómÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎd Amho. 2 \o$~«wdmar 1968 amoOr ho H|$Ð Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mbm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. VoìhmnmgyZ `m H|$Ðmdê$Z Xoem-{dXoemVrb 2308 gmD§$S>tJ am°Ho$Q>Mo àjonU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.



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